Reference level (typically +4 dBu, valid with tones only).Typically the levels considered when designing systems using a VU meter are: Good engineering practice is to always build in a little extra "headroom", as it is called, to cover the strange conditions where an audio signal might exceed normal peak levels or the equipment operator fails to adjust the levels correctly. The usefulness of the VU meter comes from the fact that for most types of audio sources the system engineer can count on these peaks being within this range and can design the audio system with confidence. At the reference level, the VU meter shows "0" for a sine-wave tone, but the engineer must know that, with music or speech, to always infer that peak levels are always between 6 dB and 10 dB higher than the reference level. When using a VU meter, the audio system is calibrated with a sine wave tone at a "reference level" for the system. This means that it responds to changing audio signals at a very precise speed, rising from no signal to 99% of "0 VU" when a 1 kHz sine wave tone is applied for 300 milliseconds. A real VU meter has a very specific "ballistic characteristic". They created a meter that did not measure peaks, but simply inferred them. The designers of the VU meter therefore took a different approach. Since a VU meter is a mechanical device, it can never reflect the instantaneous signal peaks of complex audio signals. The original designers of the VU meter were tasked with finding a way to measure complex audio signals with a simple technology. In the broadcast industry, loudness monitoring was standardized, in 2009 in the United States by the ATSC A/85, in 2010 in Europe by the EBU R-128, in 2011 in Japan by the TR-B32, and in 2010 in Australia by the OP-59. Purely electronic devices may emulate the response of the needle they are VU-meters in as much as they respect the standard.
In effect, the scale ranges from −20 VU to +3 VU, with −3 VU right in the middle (half the power of 0 VU). The meter was designed not to measure the signal, but to let users aim the signal level to a target level of 0 VU (sometimes labelled 100%), so it is not important that the device is non-linear and imprecise for low levels. For this reason many audio practitioners prefer the VU meter to its alternatives, though the meter indication does not reflect some of the key features of the signal, most notably its peak level, which in many cases, must not pass a defined limit.Ġ VU is equal to +4 dBu, or 1.228 volts RMS, a power of about 2.5 milliwatts when applied across a 600- ohm load. This has the effect of averaging out peaks and troughs of short duration, and reflects the perceived loudness of the material more closely than the more modern and initially more expensive PPM meters. The mass of the needle causes a relatively slow response, which in effect integrates or smooths the signal, with a rise time of 300 ms. The original VU meter is a passive electromechanical device, namely a 200 ♚ DC d'Arsonval movement ammeter fed from a full-wave copper-oxide rectifier mounted within the meter case.
0 kommentar(er)
